What is diabetes?

A diabetic cat is unable to move glucose into their cells to metabolize it for energy. In Type I (i.e., insulin-dependent) diabetes, the pancreas produces insufficient insulin, whereas in Type II (i.e., non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, the body’s cells do not respond appropriately to insulin. Up to 90% of diabetic cats are Type II, primarily because their tissues have developed a reduced insulin sensitivity. In a diabetic cat, glucose accumulates in the blood and urine, instead of fueling the body.

What are common diabetes signs in cats?

Early signs include:

• Increased thirst and urination

• Increased appetite with weight loss

• Unkempt appearance

Intermediate to advanced signs include:

• Decreased activity

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Change in hind limb stance

• Cataracts

• Decreased appetite

• Seizures

How is diabetes managed in cats?  

Diabetes management depends on the severity of signs and stage of disease. “Diabetic ketoacidosis” is a more advanced form of diabetes that often requires hospitalization. Concurrent infections should be addressed, because they can affect treatment success. Cats with diabetes need a low-carbohydrate diet, and many require twice-daily insulin injections, to normalize the glucose metabolism, which is reflected in blood glucose levels. Blood glucose in diabetic cats on insulin can drop dangerously, so regular diagnostic testing and close observation is essential.

What is the prognosis for cats with diabetes?

Most cats with well-controlled diabetes can live a good quality of life. Some cats may lose their need for insulin altogether (i.e., remission), whereas others may require increasing amounts of insulin to maintain control. Each cat is different, and treatment response can vary.

Management tips for cats with diabetes    

At-home needs include:

• Easy access to food, water, and a clean litter box

• A prescription diabetic diet

• Consistency with feeding times and insulin injections

• Possible at-home blood or urine glucose testing

• Keeping track of appetite, drinking, urination, and weight

• Watching for signs of low blood glucose

In a crisis situation:

Contact your veterinarian immediately if your cat stops eating, or shows signs of low blood glucose, such as lethargy, weakness, stumbling, seizures, tremors, or unconsciousness.